Method for performing sequence labelling on queries

ABSTRACT

A method of propagating annotations of content items to a search query is disclosed. A strength of a correspondence between a search query and a listing of an item on a network-based publication system is determined. The strength of the correspondence is based on an analysis of a set of actions by a set of users who submitted the search query. A set of annotations is generated. The set of annotations is propagated to a search engine and used to enhance search results.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/584,483, filed Dec. 29, 2014 (Attorney Docket No.IP-P2809US1/EBAY.281090), which is herein incorporated by reference inits entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates generally to the technical field ofdatabase and file access, and, in one specific example, to improvingrelevancy of search results based on annotation of search queries.

BACKGROUND

Sequence labeling involves algorithmic assignment of a categorical labelto each value of a sequence of observed values. An example of sequencelabeling is “part of speech tagging,” in which a part of speech isassigned to each word in a series of words (e.g., each word in asentence of a document).

Sequence labeling may incorporate statistical models, such as the hiddenMarkov model (HMM), to choose a label for a particular word. In suchmodels, the choice of a label for a particular word may depend on labelschosen for adjacent words.

For example, in a typical sentence of a document, certain words may beunambiguously labeled as having a particular part of speech (e.g., theword “the” may unambiguously be labeled as a determiner), which, in turnmay increase or decrease the probability that another word (e.g., to theimmediate left or right of the labeled word) may be accurately labeledas belonging to another particular part of speech.

However, the application of such sequence labelling techniques to searchqueries may be more difficult than applying such labelling techniques totypical sentences used in speech. For example, search queries consist ofseries of keywords that may or may not form a complete sentence. Thus,it may be more difficult to ascertain the relationship between thekeywords to one another.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation inthe figures of the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a network diagram depicting a client-server system withinwhich various example embodiments may be deployed.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating multiple server applicationsthat, in various example embodiments, are provided as part of thenetworked system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating example modules of thenavigation application(s) 214.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating example modules of the queryannotation application(s) 234

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of a method ofgenerating set of annotations and sets of confidence measures forpropagation onto a search query for enhancing search resultscorresponding to the search query.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of a method ofenhancing search results based on the propagation of generated sets ofannotations onto a search query.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of a method ofenhancing search results corresponding to a search query based onanalysis of previously-submitted search query with respect to titles oflistings of items corresponding to the previously-submitted searchqueries.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of machine in the example form of a computersystem within which instructions for causing the machine to perform anyone or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding ofvarious embodiments of the present subject matter. It will be evident,however, to those skilled in the art that various embodiments may bepracticed without these specific details.

A method of propagating annotations of content items to a search queryis disclosed. A strength (or degree) of a correspondence between asearch query and a title of a listing of an item on a network-basedpublication system is determined. The strength of the correspondence isbased on an analysis of a set of actions by a set of users who submittedthe search query. A set of annotations corresponding to the title isgenerated. The set of annotations is propagated to an additional searchquery such that the set of annotations and the strength of thecorrespondence are used by a search engine to enhance search resultscorresponding to the additional search query.

This method and various embodiments disclosed herein may be implementedas a computer system having one or more modules (e.g., hardware modulesor software modules). This method and various embodiments disclosedherein may be embodied as instructions stored on a machine-readablemedium that, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to performthe method.

FIG. 1 is a network diagram depicting a system 100 within which variousexample embodiments may be deployed. A networked system 102, in theexample forms of a network-based marketplace or other publicationsystem, provides server-side functionality, via a network 104 (e.g., theInternet or Wide Area Network (WAN)) to one or more clients machines110. FIG. 1 illustrates client application(s) 112 on the client machines110. Examples of client application(s) 112 may include a web browserapplication, such as the Internet Explorer browser developed byMicrosoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. or other application supportedby an operating system of the device, such as Windows, iOS or Androidoperating systems. Each of the client application(s) 112 may include asoftware application module (e.g., a plug-in, add-in, or macro) thatadds a specific service or feature to a larger system.

An API server 114 and a web server 116 are coupled to, and provideprogrammatic and web interfaces respectively to, one or more applicationservers 118. The application servers 118 host one or more serverapplication(s) 120. The application servers 118 are, in turn, shown tobe coupled to one or more database servers 124 that facilitate access toone or more databases 126 or data stores, such as NoSQL ornon-relational data stores.

The applications 120 may provide a number of marketplace functions andservices to users that access the networked system 102. While theapplications 120 are shown in FIG. 1 to form part of the networkedsystem 102, in alternative embodiments, the various applications 120 mayform part of a service that is separate and distinct from the networkedsystem 102.

Further, while the system 100 shown in FIG. 1 employs a client-serverarchitecture, various embodiments are, of course, not limited to such anarchitecture, and could equally well find application in a distributed,or peer-to-peer, architecture system, for example. The various serverapplications 120 could also be implemented as standalone softwareprograms, which do not necessarily have networking capabilities.Additionally, although FIG. 1 depicts machines 110 as being coupled to asingle networked system 102, it will be readily apparent to one skilledin the art that client machines 110, as well as client applications 112,may be coupled to multiple networked systems, such as paymentapplications associated with multiple payment processors or acquiringbanks (e.g., PayPal, Visa, MasterCard, and American Express).

Web applications executing on the client machine(s) 110 may access thevarious applications 120 via the web interface supported by the webserver 116. Similarly, native applications executing on the clientmachine(s) 110 may accesses the various services and functions providedby the applications 120 via the programmatic interface provided by theAPI server 114. An example of one of the client application(s) 112 maybe a seller application (e.g., the TurboLister application developed byeBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) that enables sellers to author andmanage listings on the networked system 102 in an off-line manner, andto perform batch-mode communications between the client application(s)112 and the networked system 102. Other examples of clientapplication(s) 112 may be third-party applications. For example, thethird-party applications may, utilizing information retrieved from thenetworked system 102, support one or more features or functions on awebsite hosted by the third party. The third-party website may, forexample, provide one or more promotional, marketplace or paymentfunctions that are supported by the relevant applications of thenetworked system 102.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating multiple server applications 120that, in various example embodiments, are provided as part of thenetworked system 102. The server applications 120 may be hosted ondedicated or shared server machines (not shown) that are communicativelycoupled to enable communications between server machines. The serverapplications 120 themselves are communicatively coupled (e.g., viaappropriate interfaces) to each other and to various data sources, so asto allow information to be passed between the server applications 120 soas to allow the server applications 120 to share and access common data.The server applications 120 may furthermore access one or more databases126 via the database servers 124.

The networked system 102 may provide a number of publishing, listing andprice-setting mechanisms whereby a seller may list (or publishinformation concerning) goods or services for sale, a buyer can expressinterest in or indicate a desire to purchase such goods or services, anda price can be set for a transaction pertaining to the goods orservices. To this end, the server applications 120 are shown to includeat least one publication application 200 and one or more auctionapplications 202 which support auction-format listing and price settingmechanisms (e.g., English, Dutch, Vickrey, Chinese, Double, Reverseauctions etc.). The various auction applications 202 may also provide anumber of features in support of such auction-format listings, such as areserve price feature whereby a seller may specify a reserve price inconnection with a listing and a proxy-bidding feature whereby a biddermay invoke automated proxy bidding.

A number of fixed-price applications 204 support fixed-price listingformats (e.g., the traditional classified advertisement-type listing ora catalogue listing) and buyout-type listings. Specifically, buyout-typelistings (e.g., including the Buy-It-Now (BIN) technology developed byeBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) may be offered in conjunction withauction-format listings, and allow a buyer to purchase goods orservices, which are also being offered for sale via an auction, for afixed-price that is typically higher than the starting price of theauction.

Store applications 206 allow a seller to group listings within a“virtual” store, which may be branded and otherwise personalized by andfor the seller. Such a virtual store may also offer promotions,incentives and features that are specific and personalized to a relevantseller.

Reputation applications 208 allow users that transact, utilizing thenetworked system 102, to establish, build and maintain reputations,which may be made available and published to potential trading partners.Consider that where, for example, the networked system 102 supportsperson-to-person trading, users may otherwise have no history or otherreference information whereby the trustworthiness and credibility ofpotential trading partners may be assessed. The reputation applications208 allow a user (e.g., through feedback provided by other transactionpartners) to establish a reputation within the networked system 102 overtime. Other potential trading partners may then reference such areputation for the purposes of assessing credibility andtrustworthiness.

Personalization applications 210 allow users of the networked system 102to personalize various aspects of their interactions with the networkedsystem 102. For example a user may, utilizing an appropriatepersonalization application 210, create a personalized reference page atwhich information regarding transactions to which the user is (or hasbeen) a party may be viewed. Further, a personalization application 210may enable a user to personalize listings and other aspects of theirinteractions with the networked system 102 and other parties.

The networked system 102 may support a number of marketplaces that arecustomized, for example, for specific geographic regions. For instance,a version of the networked system 102 may be customized for the UnitedKingdom, whereas another version of the networked system 102 may becustomized for the United States. Each of these versions may operate asan independent marketplace, or may be customized (or internationalized)presentations of a common underlying marketplace. The networked system102 may accordingly include a number of internationalizationapplications 212 that customize information (and/or the presentation ofinformation) by the networked system 102 according to predeterminedcriteria (e.g., geographic, demographic or marketplace criteria). Forexample, the internationalization applications 212 may be used tosupport the customization of information for a number of regionalwebsites that are operated by the networked system 102 and that areaccessible via respective web servers 116.

Navigation of the networked system 102 may be facilitated by one or morenavigation applications 214. For example, a search application (as anexample of a navigation application) may enable keyword searches oflistings published via the networked system 102. A browse applicationmay allow users to browse various category, catalogue, or inventory datastructures according to which listings may be classified within thenetworked system 102. Various other navigation applications may beprovided to supplement the search and browsing applications.

In order to make listings available via the networked system 102 asvisually informing and attractive as possible, the marketplaceapplications 120 may include one or more imaging applications 216, whichusers may utilize to upload images for inclusion within listings. Animaging application 216 also operates to incorporate images withinviewed listings. The imaging applications 216 may also support one ormore promotional features, such as image galleries that are presented topotential buyers. For example, sellers may pay an additional fee to havean image included within a gallery of images for promoted items.

Listing creation applications 218 allow sellers to conveniently authorlistings pertaining to goods or services that they wish to transact viathe networked system 102, and listing management applications 220 allowsellers to manage such listings. Specifically, where a particular orpredetermined seller has authored and/or published a large number oflistings, the management of such listings may present a challenge. Thelisting management applications 220 provide a number of features (e.g.,auto-relisting, inventory level monitors, etc.) to assist the seller inmanaging such listings. The listing creation application 218 and listingmanagement applications 220 may allow sellers to manage listing in bulk(e.g., in a single operation, such as by an uploading of a file) andprovide templates for sellers to manage category-specific,vendor-specific, or general-type-specific (e.g., catalog or ticket)listings. One or more post-listing management applications 222 alsoassist sellers with a number of activities that typically occurpost-listing. For example, upon completion of an auction facilitated byone or more auction applications 202, a seller may wish to leavefeedback regarding a particular or predetermined buyer. To this end, apost-listing management application 222 may provide an interface to oneor more reputation applications 208, so as to allow the seller toconveniently provide feedback regarding multiple buyers to thereputation applications 208.

Dispute resolution applications 224 provide mechanisms whereby disputesarising between transacting parties may be resolved. For example, thedispute resolution applications 224 may provide guided procedureswhereby the parties are guided through a number of operations in anattempt to settle a dispute. In the event that the dispute cannot besettled via the guided procedures, the dispute may be escalated to athird-party mediator or arbitrator.

A number of fraud prevention applications 226 implement fraud detectionand prevention mechanisms to reduce the occurrence of fraud within thenetworked system 102.

Messaging applications 228 are responsible for the generation anddelivery of messages to users of the networked system 102. Thesemessages may, for example, advise users regarding the status of listingsat the networked system 102 (e.g., providing “outbid” notices to biddersduring an auction process or providing promotional and merchandisinginformation to users). Respective messaging applications 228 may utilizeany one of a number of message delivery networks and platforms todeliver messages to users. For example, messaging applications 228 maydeliver electronic mail (e-mail), instant message (IM), Short MessageService (SMS), text, facsimile, or voice (e.g., Voice over IP (VoIP))messages via the wired (e.g., the Internet), Plain Old Telephone Service(POTS), or wireless (e.g., mobile, cellular, WiFi, WiMAX) networks.

Merchandising applications 230 support various merchandising functionsthat are made available to sellers to enable sellers to increase salesvia the networked system 102. The merchandising applications 230 alsooperate the various merchandising features that may be invoked bysellers, and may monitor and track the success of merchandisingstrategies employed by sellers.

The networked system 102 itself, or one or more parties that transactvia the networked system 102, may operate loyalty programs that aresupported by one or more loyalty/promotion applications 232. Forexample, a buyer may earn loyalty or promotions points for eachtransaction established and/or concluded with a particular orpredetermined seller, and may be offered a reward for which accumulatedloyalty points can be redeemed.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating example modules of thenavigation application(s) 214. A relevancy module 302 may be configuredto adjust rankings search result items based on input received from thequery-annotation application(s) 234, such as a set of annotationscorresponding to a search query and a set of confidences correspondingto the set of annotations, as described in more detail below. Anexpansion module 304 may be configured to limit expansion of searchresults to the most relevant search items based the input received fromthe query-annotations application(s) 234, as described in more detailbelow.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating example modules of the queryannotation application(s) 234. An association module 352 may beconfigured to associated previously-submitted search queries withprevious listings of items on the network-based publication system. Anannotation module 354 may be configured to generate annotations for theprevious listings items corresponding to the previously-submitted searchqueries. Additionally, the annotation module 354 may be configured togenerate sets of confidences corresponding to the sets of annotationsbased on an analysis of the previously submitted search queries and thelistings, as described in more detail below. A propagation module 356may be configured to propagate sets of annotations and sets ofconfidence percentages corresponding to a previously-submitted queryonto a newly-submitted query (e.g., at run-time), as described in moredetail below.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of a method 400 ofgenerating set of annotations and sets of confidence measures forpropagation onto a search query for enhancing search resultscorresponding to the search query. In various embodiments, theoperations may be performed by one or more modules of the queryannotation application(s) 234.

At operation 402, the association module 352 receives a set ofpreviously-submitted search queries. In various embodiments, the searchqueries may have been entered by users of a network-based publicationsystem who are searching for items listed on the network-basedpublication system.

At operation 404, the association module 352 identifies a set ofcorrespondences between the set of previously submitted search queriesand a set of previously published content items. In various embodiments,the set of correspondences may be based on an action performed by theuser with respect to the previously published content item aftersubmitting the search query. For example, if the previously submittedquery includes the keywords “red” and “Porsche,” and a percentage of theusers who submitted the query subsequently perform the action of placinga bid on or purchase a red Porsche automobile, the association modulemay associate the query with listings featuring red Porsche automobileson the network-based publication system. Furthermore, if anotherpercentage of the users who submitted the same query place a bid on orpurchase a particular paint having a color named “Red Porsche,” theassociation module 352 may also identify an association between thequery and listing featuring paint having the “Red Porsche” color.

At operation 406, the annotation module 354 generates a set ofannotations for each of the set of previously published content items.For example, for a listing of a red Porsche automobile, the annotationmodule 354 may generate annotations of “product type=automobile” and“color=red.” Or, for a listing of a paint having the “Red Porsche”color, the annotation module 354 may generate annotations of “producttype=paint” and “color=Red Porsche.”

At operation 408, the annotation module 354 generates a set ofconfidence measures for each of the sets of annotations. For example, if90% of the users who enter the query including the keywords “redPorsche” place a bid on or purchase a red Porsche automobile, theannotation module 354 may generate a confidence measure for the set ofannotations corresponding to a red Porsche automobile (e.g., “producttype=automobile” and “color=red,” of 9 on a scale of 0-10. Similarly, ifan additional 5% of the users who enter the query place a bid on orpurchase paint having the “Red Porsche” color, the annotation module maygenerate a confidence measure corresponding the red Porsche paint of 0.5on the scale.

Additionally, the annotation module 354 may assign weightings to each ofthe sets of confidence measures based on a significance of the actionsperformed by the users after entering the search query. The significanceof the actions may be calculated based on various factors deemedsignificant by an operator of the network-based publication system, suchas an amount of revenue received from the users as a result of theiractions (e.g., transaction fees collected or advertising revenuesgenerated), an amount of user activity generated with respect to thenetwork-based publication system (e.g., viewing pages, sharing contentitems, or “liking” content items), a number of opportunities to presentadvertisements, and so on.

Examples of actions that the users may take after entering the searchquery include placing a bid on an item, purchasing an item, watching alisting of an item (e.g., subscribing to be notified of bids, changes,or other information pertaining to a listing of the item), viewing thelisting of the item (e.g., accessing a content page providinginformation on the item), and so on. In various embodiments, each of theactions that a user may perform with respect to the item may be assigneda significance rating. For example, based on a placing of a bid or apurchasing of an item resulting in transaction fees being collected(e.g., from the seller, buyer, or both), the action of placing a bid orpurchasing the item may be assigned a significance rating that reflectsthe amount of the transaction fees collected. Similarly, if the viewingof a listing of an item by the users results in an amount of advertisingrevenue being collected, the action of the viewing of the listing of theitem may be assigned a significance rating that reflects the amount ofadvertising revenue. In various embodiments, the significance ratingsmay then be used to adjust the confidence measures for each of the setof annotations.

At operation 410, the propagation module 356 may propagate the generatedsets of annotations and sets of confidence measures to a search enginefor use in enhancing search results corresponding to additional searchqueries. For example, upon receiving an additional search having asimilarity or a combination of similarities to a previous search query(as described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 5), the searchengine may project the set of annotations and the set of confidencemeasures onto the additional search query. This projection may enablethe search engine to enhance the search results, as described in moredetail below.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of a method 500 ofenhancing search results based on the propagation of generated sets ofannotations onto a search query. In various embodiments, the method 500may be performed by various modules of the query annotationapplication(s) 234.

At operation 502, the relevancy module 302 receives a search query. Forexample, the search query may be received from a user of thenetwork-based publication system who is looking for listings of aparticular item.

At operation 504, the relevancy module 302 receives a set of annotationsand a set of confidence measure to project onto the search query. Forexample, in various embodiments, the relevancy module 302 may providethe search query to the query annotation application(s) 234 and, inreturn, receive the set of annotations and the set of confidencemeasures corresponding to the query.

In various embodiments, the query annotation application(s) 234 mayidentify the set of annotations and the set of confidence measures basedon a comparison of the search query to previously-submitted searchqueries and the generated set of annotations and confidence measurescorresponding to the previously-submitted queries (e.g., as describedabove with respect to FIG. 3). For example, in various embodiments,based on the search query being the same as or similar to apreviously-submitted search query (e.g., based on a comparison of thekeywords included in the queries, lengths of the keywords or lengths ofthe queries, shapes of the keywords in the queries or shapes of thequeries, definitions of the keywords included in the queries, synonymsof the keywords included in the queries, antonyms of the keywords in thequeries, a pre-computer representation of the meaning of the wordsincluded in the queries, and so on), the query annotation application(s)234 may project a set of annotations and confidence measures generatedfor the previously-submitted search query onto the search query.

In various embodiments, a statistical model is trained on a set ofpreviously-submitted queries to identify a characteristic or acombination of characteristics by which a newly submitted search querymay be identified as being similar to one or more of thepreviously-submitted search queries. Thus, through machine learning,annotations generated for previously-submitted search queries that aredetermined by the statistical model to be the most similar to anewly-submitted search query may be projected onto the newly-submittedsearch query.

At operation 506, the navigation application(s) 214 may enhance a set ofsearch results corresponding to the search query. For example, therelevancy module 302 may adjust a relevancy of one or more searchresults corresponding to the search query based on the set ofannotations and the set of confidence measures. For example, instead ofbasing the search results only on comparisons of keywords included inthe search query with keywords in a database index corresponding to alisting on the network-based publication system, the relevancy module302 may use the set of annotations and the set of confidence measures toboost a ranking of one or more search results. For example, based on thesearch query including the keywords “red” and “Porsche,” the navigationapplication(s) 214 may identify a set of search results corresponding tothe search query that includes references to listings on thenetwork-based publication system corresponding to both red Porscheautomobiles and paint having a “Porsche” color. However, based on aprojection of a set of annotations onto the search query that identifythe search query as being associated with Porsche automobiles with a 90%confidence level and paint having a Porsche color with an 8% confidencelevel, the relevancy module 302 may boost the ranking of search resultscorresponding to red Porsche automobiles over other search results.Thus, a user submitting the search query may be presented with searchresult items that are ranked such that items that are most relevant withthe respect to the network-based publication system are listed closer tothe top of the list of search results items.

Similarly, based on the confidence level of each annotation, theexpansion module 304 may limit the expansion or increase the expansionof search results pertaining to the keywords in the query. Thus, forexample, instead of expanding the search results to include listings ofitems having the color “red,” including search results not referring tolistings of automobiles and paint, the expansion module 304 may limitthe search result items to listings of automobiles and paint. Or,alternatively, the search results may be further expanded to includeditems having synonyms of red in their titles or descriptions. Thus, forexample, when annotations match particular search results with a highconfidence (e.g., based on a predetermined confidence threshold), ratherthan being presented with a longer list of search results that includesitems that are likely to be irrelevant, the user will be presented witha shorter list of search results that includes references of listings toitems that are most likely to be relevant. On the other hand, when theannotations match the search results with a lower confidence, the searchresults may be expanded to include references to additional items.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of a method 600 ofenhancing search results corresponding to a search query based onanalysis of previously-submitted search query with respect to an elementof listings (e.g., titles of listings) of items corresponding to thepreviously-submitted search queries. In various embodiments, the method600 may be performed by various modules of the query annotationapplication(s) 234.

At operation 602, the association module 352 receives a set ofpreviously-submitted search queries. In various embodiments, thepreviously-submitted search queries are search queries that werepreviously submitted by users who were searching for listings of itemson the network-based publication system.

At operation 604, the association module 352 identifies a set ofcorrespondences between the set of previously-submitted search queriesand a set of titles of previously-published listings of items. Invarious embodiments, the identifying of the correspondence is based onan analysis of user behavior with respect to a set ofpreviously-generated search results corresponding to the set ofpreviously-submitted search queries (e.g., as described above withrespect to FIG. 4).

At operation 606, the annotation module 354 generates a set ofannotations corresponding to the set of titles of thepreviously-published listings of items. In various embodiments, thegenerating of the set of annotations is based solely on analysis of thetitles, including the keywords included in the titles, the order of thekeywords in the titles, the relationship between keywords included inthe titles, and so on. In various embodiments, embodiments, the set ofannotations may be based on additional information associated with thelisting, including information provided by the seller when listing theitem (e.g., a product description, price, photo, and so on), metadata(e.g., date or time of listing), user behavior associated with thelisting (e.g., listing views, bids, watches, and so on).

At operation 608, the annotation module 354 generates a set ofconfidence measures to associate with the each of the set ofannotations. In various embodiments, the confidence measures aredetermined based on a strength of a correspondence between activitiesperformed by the user with respect to the listings (e.g., as describedabove with respect to FIG. 3).

At operation 610, the propagation module 356 provides the set ofannotations and the set of confidence measures to a search engine foruse in enhancing search results corresponding to additional searchqueries received (e.g., at run time). In various embodiments, the searchresults are enhanced to boost relevancy of particular results or tolimit expansion of the search results, as described above with respectto FIG. 5. In other words, upon receiving a newly-submitted query, thenavigation application(s) 214 may invoke the query annotationapplication(s) 234 to tag the newly-submitted query with appropriateannotations (e.g., based on an application of a statistical modelcorresponding to the annotations of previously-submitted queries, asdescribed above). The annotated query may then be passed back to thenavigation application(s) to refine the search results corresponding tothe newly-submitted query, as described in more detail above.

Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a numberof components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules may constitute eithersoftware modules (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium or ina transmission signal) or hardware modules. A hardware module is atangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may beconfigured or arranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, oneor more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computersystem) or one or more hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., aprocessor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g.,an application or application portion) as a hardware module thatoperates to perform certain operations as described herein.

In various embodiments, a hardware module may be implementedmechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware module maycomprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured(e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gatearray (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) toperform certain operations. A hardware module may also compriseprogrammable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within ageneral-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that istemporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. Itwill be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware modulemechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or intemporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may bedriven by cost and time considerations.

Accordingly, the term “hardware module” should be understood toencompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physicallyconstructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired) or temporarilyconfigured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner and/or toperform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments inwhich hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed),each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated atany one instance in time. For example, where the hardware modulescomprise a general-purpose processor configured using software, thegeneral-purpose processor may be configured as respective differenthardware modules at different times. Software may accordingly configurea processor, for example, to constitute a particular hardware module atone instance of time and to constitute a different hardware module at adifferent instance of time.

Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive informationfrom, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardwaremodules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multipleof such hardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may beachieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuitsand buses) that connect the hardware modules. In embodiments in whichmultiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at differenttimes, communications between such hardware modules may be achieved, forexample, through the storage and retrieval of information in memorystructures to which the multiple hardware modules have access. Forexample, one hardware module may perform an operation and store theoutput of that operation in a memory device to which it iscommunicatively coupled. A further hardware module may then, at a latertime, access the memory device to retrieve and process the storedoutput. Hardware modules may also initiate communications with input oroutput devices and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection ofinformation).

The various operations of example methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modulesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modulesreferred to herein may, in some example embodiments, compriseprocessor-implemented modules.

Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partiallyprocessor-implemented. For example, at least some of the operations of amethod may be performed by one or more processors orprocessor-implemented modules. The performance of certain of theoperations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not onlyresiding within a single machine, but deployed across a number ofmachines. In some example embodiments, the processor or processors maybe located in a single location (e.g., within a home environment, anoffice environment or as a server farm), while in other embodiments theprocessors may be distributed across a number of locations.

The one or more processors may also operate to support performance ofthe relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a“software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of theoperations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples ofmachines including processors), these operations being accessible via anetwork (e.g., the network 104 of FIG. 1) and via one or moreappropriate interfaces (e.g., APIs).

Example embodiments may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry,or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them.Example embodiments may be implemented using a computer program product,e.g., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier,e.g., in a machine-readable medium for execution by, or to control theoperation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor,a computer, or multiple computers.

A computer program can be written in any form of programming language,including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed inany form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, subroutine,or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computerprogram can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiplecomputers at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

In example embodiments, operations may be performed by one or moreprogrammable processors executing a computer program to performfunctions by operating on input data and generating output. Methodoperations can also be performed by, and apparatus of exampleembodiments may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry(e.g., a FPGA or an ASIC).

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other. Inembodiments deploying a programmable computing system, it will beappreciated that both hardware and software architectures requireconsideration. Specifically, it will be appreciated that the choice ofwhether to implement certain functionality in permanently configuredhardware (e.g., an ASIC), in temporarily configured hardware (e.g., acombination of software and a programmable processor), or a combinationof permanently and temporarily configured hardware may be a designchoice. Below are set out hardware (e.g., machine) and softwarearchitectures that may be deployed, in various example embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of machine in the example form of a computersystem 1800 within which instructions for causing the machine to performany one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed.In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone deviceor may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networkeddeployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or aclient machine in server-client network environment, or as a peermachine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. Themachine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box(STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a webappliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable ofexecuting instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions tobe taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine isillustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include anycollection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (ormultiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 1800 includes a processor 1802 (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) orboth), a main memory 1804 and a static memory 1806, which communicatewith each other via a bus 1808. The computer system 1800 may furtherinclude a video display unit 1810 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD)or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 1800 also includes analphanumeric input device 1812 (e.g., a keyboard), a user interface (UI)navigation (or cursor control) device 1814 (e.g., a mouse), a storageunit 1816, a signal generation device 1818 (e.g., a speaker) and anetwork interface device 1820.

The storage unit 1816 includes a machine-readable medium 1822 on whichis stored one or more sets of data structures and instructions 1824(e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of themethodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 1824 mayalso reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory1804 and/or within the processor 1802 during execution thereof by thecomputer system 1800, the main memory 1804 and the processor 1802 alsoconstituting machine-readable media. The instructions 1824 may alsoreside, completely or at least partially, within the static memory 1806.

While the machine-readable medium 1822 is shown in an example embodimentto be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” may include asingle medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributeddatabase, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one ormore instructions 1824 or data structures. The term “machine-readablemedium” shall also be taken to include any tangible medium that iscapable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution bythe machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of themethodologies of the present embodiments, or that is capable of storing,encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with suchinstructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly betaken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, andoptical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable mediainclude non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductormemory devices, e.g., Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM),Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), and flashmemory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removabledisks; magneto-optical disks; and compact disc-read-only memory (CD-ROM)and digital versatile disc (or digital video disc) read-only memory(DVD-ROM) disks.

Accordingly, a “tangible machine-readable medium” may refer to a singlestorage apparatus or device, as well as “cloud-based” storage systems orstorage networks that include multiple storage apparatus or devices.Furthermore, the tangible machine-readable medium is non-transitory inthat it does not embody a propagating signal. However, labeling thetangible machine-readable medium as “non-transitory” should not beconstrued to mean that the medium is incapable of movement—the mediumshould be considered as being transportable from one physical locationto another. Additionally, since the machine-readable medium is tangible,the medium may be considered to be a machine-readable device.

The instructions 1824 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 1826 using a transmission medium. Theinstructions 1824 may be transmitted using the network interface device1820 and any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g.,HTTP). Examples of communication networks include a LAN, a WAN, theInternet, mobile telephone networks, POTS networks, and wireless datanetworks (e.g., WiFi and WiMax networks). The term “transmission medium”shall be taken to include any intangible medium capable of storing,encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, andincludes digital or analog communications signals or other intangiblemedia to facilitate communication of such software. The network 1826 maybe one of the networks 104.

Although an embodiment has been described with reference to specificexample embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications andchanges may be made to these embodiments without departing from thebroader spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, thespecification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative ratherthan a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a parthereof, show by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specificembodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. Theembodiments illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enablethose skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein.Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such thatstructural and logical substitutions and changes may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description,therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope ofvarious embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along withthe full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred toherein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merelyfor convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope ofthis application to any single invention or inventive concept if morethan one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments havebeen illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that anyarrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substitutedfor the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to coverany and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments.Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments notspecifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in theart upon reviewing the above description.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: determining a strength of acorrespondence between a search query and a data field corresponding toa listing of an item on a network-based publication system, the searchquery including a keyword, the determining of the strength of thecorrespondence based on an analysis of a set of actions previously takenby a set of users after submitting a set of previous search queriesincluding the keyword; generating a set of annotations corresponding tothe search query, the generating including identifying a type of theitem and a confidence measure pertaining to the identifying of the typeof the item; propagating the set of annotations to a search engine foruse in enhancing search results generated by the search engine; andproviding the enhanced search results generated by the search engine forpresentation, the enhanced search results including a filtering and/orordering of the search results based on the type of the item and theconfidence measure.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the strength ofthe correspondence is based on an amount of revenue associated with theset of actions by the set of users who submitted the search query. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the strength of the correspondence isbased on rankings of types of the set of actions, the types of the setof actions including viewing the listing of the item, watching thelisting of the item, bidding on the item, or purchasing the item.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the generating of the set of annotationsincludes generating an annotation identifying a value of a property ofthe item.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the enhancing of the searchresults includes reducing an expansion of the search results based onthe strength of the correspondence transgressing a strength threshold.6. The method of claim 1, wherein the enhancing of the search resultsincludes increasing a relevancy of a search result item by an amountbased on the set of annotations propagated to the search query.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, further comprising determining the amount based onthe strength of the correspondence.
 8. A system comprising: one or moremodules implemented by one or more processors, the one or more modulesconfigured to, at least: determine a strength of a correspondencebetween a search query and a data field corresponding to a listing of anitem on a network-based publication system, the search query including akeyword, the determining of the strength of the correspondence based onan analysis of a set of actions previously taken by a set of users aftersubmitting a set of previous search queries including the keyword;generate a set of annotations corresponding to the search query, thegenerating including identifying a type of the item and a confidencemeasure pertaining to the identifying of the type of the item; propagatethe set of annotations to a search engine for use in enhancing searchresults generated by the search engine; and provide the enhanced searchresults generated by the search engine for presentation, the enhancedsearch results including a filtering and/or ordering of the searchresults based on the type of the item and the confidence measure.
 9. Thesystem of claim 8, wherein the strength of the correspondence is basedon an amount of revenue associated with the set of actions by the set ofusers who submitted the search query.
 10. The system of claim 8, whereinthe strength of the correspondence is based on rankings of types of theset of actions, the types of the set of actions including viewing thelisting of the item, watching the listing of the item, bidding on theitem, or purchasing the item.
 11. The system of claim 8, wherein thegenerating of the set of annotations includes generating an annotationidentifying a value of a property of the item.
 12. The system of claim8, wherein the enhancing of the search results includes reducing anexpansion of the search results based on the strength of thecorrespondence transgressing a strength threshold.
 13. The system ofclaim 8, wherein the enhancing of the search results includes increasinga relevancy of a search result item by an amount based on the set ofannotations propagated to the search query.
 14. The system of claim 13,further comprising determining the amount based on the strength of thecorrespondence.
 15. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprisinga set of instructions that, when executed by a processor, causes theprocessor to perform operations, the operations comprising: determininga strength of a correspondence between a search query and a data fieldcorresponding to a listing of an item on a network-based publicationsystem, the search query including a keyword, the determining of thestrength of the correspondence based on an analysis of a set of actionspreviously taken by a set of users after submitting a set of previoussearch queries including the keyword; generating a set of annotationscorresponding to the search query, the generating including identifyinga type of the item and a confidence measure pertaining to theidentifying of the type of the item; propagating the set of annotationsto a search engine for use in enhancing search results generated by thesearch engine; and providing the enhanced search results generated bythe search engine for presentation, the enhanced search resultsincluding a filtering and/or ordering of the search results based on thetype of the item and the confidence measure.
 16. The non-transitorymachine readable medium of claim 15, wherein the strength of thecorrespondence is based on an amount of revenue associated with the setof actions by the set of users who submitted the search query.
 17. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 15, wherein the strengthof the correspondence is based on rankings of types of the set ofactions, the types of the set of actions including viewing the listingof the item, watching the listing of the item, bidding on the item, orpurchasing the item.
 18. The non-transitory machine readable medium ofclaim 15, wherein the generating of the set of annotations correspondingto the title includes generating an annotation identifying a value of aproperty of the item.
 19. The non-transitory machine readable medium ofclaim 15, wherein the enhancing of the search results includes reducingan expansion of the search results based on the strength of thecorrespondence transgressing a strength threshold.
 20. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 15, wherein theenhancing of the search results includes increasing a relevancy of asearch result item by an amount based on the set of annotationspropagated to the search query.